Immunocheckpoint proteins of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play an important role in tumor prognosis in the course of tumor clinicopathology. PD-1 (Programmed cell death protein 1) is an important immunosuppressive molecule. By binding to PD-L1 (programmed cell death-ligand 1), it blocks TCR and its costimulus signal transduction, inhibits the…[Read more]

Cake layer formation is inevitable over time for ultrafiltration (UF) membrane-based drinking water treatment. Although the cake layer is always considered to cause membrane fouling, it can also act as a “dynamic protection layer”, as it further adsorbs pollutants and dramatically reduces their chance of getting to the membrane surface. Here, the…[Read more]